厚壳贻贝早期幼虫低温保存的影响研究

探讨低温(4 ℃)条件下的厚壳贻贝早期幼虫保存可能性,同时调查了不同培育密度对低温保存的影响。在正常条件下,继续培育低温保存后的幼虫,并调查其存活率和生长的变化。 结果表明,在低温保存后,早期幼虫存活率较高,超过95%;厚壳贻贝早期幼虫的壳长和壳高出现显著性的增长。不同培育组间,培育密度对厚壳贻贝早期幼虫的存活和生长影响不同,表明密度是幼虫低温保存的一个重要因素。在正常培育条件下,低温保存后的幼虫,3周后其存活率明显低于对照组,但仍超过50%,且其生长速度明显高于对照组。因此,低温培育是保存厚壳贻贝早期幼虫的有效方法,可用于今后贝类幼虫生物学实验和人工育苗技术的改善研究。     

Whole farm implications on the application of variable rate technology to every cropped field

In the last 10 years precision agriculture has evolved and it is now possible to manage cropping inputs at the sub field scale. However, the expected return generated by these management practices varies with the amount and predictability of the spatial variation in crop yield across the field and may vary from field to field across the farm. We analysed the spatial variation of crop yield from 20 fields totalling 2832 ha from a 5200 ha farm in Western Australia at the field and the sub field scale to determine the economic value of introducing variable rate management (VRT) strategies to fields across the entire farm. In this case study, 6 out of 20 fields generated an additional economic payoff of AU$15/ha when managed with VRT over uniform management. Sensitivity analysis found that the starting levels of soil fertility were an important driver of the payoff for managing a field with VRT. If starting soil fertility was low and uniform across the field, then no fields generated an economic return of more than AU$7.00/ha when managed with VRT. Other factors, including commodity price, fertiliser price, amount of variation in crop yield within the field moderately increased the value of adopting VRT across fields within farm the value of VRT increased if fertiliser budgets were constrained, particularly if the yield distribution of the field was negatively skewed. While VRT does add value to many fields across the farm, the gains are small and the technology must be implemented cheaply for it to be viable.     

Improving in-season nitrogen recommendations for maize using an active sensor

An active crop canopy reflectance sensor could be used to increase N-use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.), if temporal and spatial variability in soil N availability and plant demand are adequately accounted for with an in-season N application. Our objective was to evaluate the success of using an active canopy sensor for developing maize N recommendations. This study was conducted in 21 farmers’ fields from 2007 to 2009, representing the maize production regions of east central and southeastern Pennsylvania, USA. Four blocks at each site included seven sidedress N rates (0–280 kg N ha⁻¹) and one at-planting N rate of 280 kg N ha⁻¹. Canopy reflectance in the 590 nm and 880 nm wavelengths, soil samples, chlorophyll meter (SPAD) measurements and above-ground biomass were collected at the 6th–7th-leaf growth stage (V6–V7). Relative amber normalized difference vegetative index (ANDVI_relative) and relative SPAD (SPAD_relative) were determined based on the relative measurements from the zero sidedress treatment to the 280 kg N ha⁻¹ at-planting treatment. Observations from the current study were compared to relationships between economic optimum N rate (EONR) and ANDVI_relative, presidedress NO₃ test (PSNT), or SPAD_relative that were developed from a previous study. These comparisons were based on an absolute mean difference (AMD) between observed EONR and the previously determined predicted relationships. The AMD for the relationship between EONR and ANDVI_relative in the current study was 46 kg N ha⁻¹. Neither the PSNT (AMD = 66 kg N ha⁻¹) nor the SPAD_relative (AMD = 72 kg N ha⁻¹) provided as good an indicator of EONR. When using all the observations from the two studies for the relationships between EONR and the various measurements, ANDVI_relative (R² = 0.65) provided a better estimate of EONR than PSNT (R² = 0.49) or SPAD_relative (not significant). Crop reflectance captured similar information as the PSNT and SPAD_relative, as reflected in strong relationships (R² > 0.60) among these variables. Crop canopy reflectance using an active sensor (i.e. ANDVI_relative) provided as good or better an indicator of EONR than PSNT or SPAD_relative, and provides an opportunity to easily adjust in-season N applications spatially.     

Post-flowering leaflet removals increase pod initiation in soybean canopies

Much of the yield variation in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) crops is related to changes in pod and seed number. Pod number is the result of pod initiation and pod abscission while seed number is the result of potential seed per pod and seed abortion. However, the physiological regulation of these processes is not well understood. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the role of post-flowering changes in source size and canopy structure on pod initiation, pod abscission and seed abortion in soybean. Two soybean genotypes: DM48 and A7409 (maturity groups IV and VII, respectively) were used. Leaflet removal treatments (L) consisted of removing none (L0), one (L1) or two (L2) lateral leaflets of every developed trifoliate leaf present. Leaflet removals were applied twice: the first at full bloom and the second shortly after the beginning seed stage. Crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), light interception (LI), and relative leaf growth rate, were determined during the periods in which numerical components are established. For the period between the first and the second leaflet removal, CGR remained unchanged among L treatments in both genotypes because LAI reductions were compensated through an increase in the net assimilation rate of the remaining leaves. The first leaflet removal increased the relative leaf growth rate and the number of pods initiated (PI) and these increases were inversely related to the remaining LAI in both genotypes. Moreover, the inverse relationship between LAI and PI was sustained at LAI below and above critical (i.e., LAI for 95% LI) and was not related to CGR or LI. The number of pod abscised also increased with the level of leaflet removal during the first and main abscission period in both genotypes and the percentage of pod abscission was directly related to the seed growth rate per unit leaf area during the abscission period. Seed abortion was inversely related to LAI after the second leaflet removal. Only the highest level of leaflet removals (i.e., L2) was able to reduce seed size in both genotypes. Whereas pod abscission, seed abortion and seed size could be related to indicators of canopy assimilatory capability pod initiation was not, suggesting that other physiological mechanism/s operate in the regulation of pod initiation. In addition, our results suggest that early (i.e., at flowering) canopy closure may negatively impact pod initiation in soybean. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to document that the number of initiated pods is inversely related to LAI in soybean canopies.     

不同杀青工艺对松阳香茶品质的影响

本文针对松阳香茶存在的色泽不绿,香气不高等品质问题,采用不同杀青温度和不同的投叶量处理,研究其对松阳香茶品质的影响。结果表明：其他工艺相同的基础上,采用80型滚筒杀青机杀青,下锅温度以250℃,投叶量在100kg／h时,炒制的香茶品质最佳。     

有机营养元素溶液浸种对小麦种子发芽率及根长的影响

采用3种不同有机营养元素溶液对2个冬小麦品种进行浸种处理,以纯水浸种为对照,研究不同处理对小麦种子发芽率及平均根长的影响。结果表明,有机营养元素溶液浸种小麦种子的发芽率和平均根长均低于对照。     

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒西瓜、甜瓜种子的带毒率和传毒率

[目的]加强种子带毒检测,防止黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒 (Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus,CGMMV)通过种子传播而导致该病害的扩散和流行.[方法]以感染CGMMV的西瓜、甜瓜病株收获的种子为材料,应用DAS-ELISA检测感染CGMMV的种子带毒率和传毒率.[结果]250粒西瓜种子全部为阳性,带毒率达100%;623株西瓜幼苗14株为阳性,传毒率为2.25%.130粒甜瓜种子122粒为阳性,带毒率达93.85%;2 050株甜瓜幼苗58株为阳性,传毒率为2.83%.灵敏度检测种子带毒量在感染种子研磨样体积与健康种子研磨样体积为1/1 000时仍检测是阳性;叶片带毒量在病叶研磨样体积与健康叶研磨样体积为1/10 000时仍检测是阳性.[结论]感染CGMMV西瓜、甜瓜种子带毒率高而传毒率相对较低,说明CGMMV主要以种子表面带毒为主.灵敏度检测表明DAS-ELISA能进行大批量的种子检测.     

水合氯醛、速眠新Ⅱ、二甲苯胺噻唑对家兔心电图、呼吸率和血压的影响

为了探讨麻醉药对正常家兔心电图、呼吸率和血压的影响,将5~6月龄的家兔20只随机分成4组,分别为正常对照组、水合氯醛组、速眠新Ⅱ组、二甲苯胺噻唑组。采用RM6240BD多通道生理信号采集处理系统,测定家兔动脉血压、呼吸率,Ⅱ导联家兔心电图(electrocardiograph,ECG)波形和心率(heart rate,HR)变化。结果显示,ECG各波形变化均比较恒定,仅动作电位在传导过程中各段时间变化存在差异;注射不同的麻醉药后,水合氯醛使家兔HR加快,而注射速眠新Ⅱ及二甲苯胺噻唑后则使HR明显减慢,尤其是二甲苯胺噻唑对HR的影响较大;呼吸率(respiration rate,RR)的变化,3种麻醉药均比正常组高,而二甲苯胺噻唑组最高;血压变化,动脉收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP):二甲苯胺噻唑＞水合氯醛＞速眠新Ⅱ,且均低于正常水平;动脉舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP):水合氯醛＞二甲苯胺噻唑＞速眠新Ⅱ,但水合氯醛组与二甲苯胺噻唑组差异不显著(P＞0.05)。家兔正常状态下,其心电图、心率、呼吸频率和血压的变化与有关文献存在差异,有必要正确掌握其变动范围。     

獒本杂交犬繁育性能研究

通过对獒本杂交犬与当地土种犬发情时间、配种时间、产活仔数、幼犬初生重等的对比研究,发现獒本杂交犬发情时间集中在9~11月份,发情受胎率与母犬年龄及养殖条件有关,常规养殖下3~4岁獒本杂交母犬发情率为100%,2~4岁獒本杂交母犬受胎率达到100%。獒本杂交犬产仔力和哺乳性能等繁育性能指标明显高于本地土种犬,1~5岁龄杂交母犬的平均活产仔数显著高于当地土种犬(P(0.05);仔犬平均初生重显著高于当地土种犬(P(0.05);仔犬断奶平均个体体重显著高于当地土种犬(P(0.01);仔犬断奶平均窝重显著高于当地土种犬(P(0.05);幼犬断奶成活数比土种犬高14.3%。     

上海地区活禽批发市场H9亚型禽流感病毒调查

为弄清上海地区活禽批发市场中H9禽流感病毒（Avian influenza virus,AIV）的流行情况及鸡群的免疫情况,2009年对上海三大活禽批发市场进行了采样监测。采用HI试验检测H9 AIV抗体、荧光RT-PCR试验和鸡胚接种分离鉴定病毒。共采集110批次1 646份血样和喉头泄殖腔棉拭样品,平均抗体合格率为60.27%,分离到H9病毒134株,其中4-6月和9-11月为全年中病毒分离的2个高峰期（样品带毒率均超过了10.00%）,明显比其它月份要高（其他月份均低于5.00%）,样品带毒率平均为8.14%。不同市场、不同地区采集的样品其抗体合格率和样品的带毒率也存在一定的差异。在30批分离到病毒的样品中,13批次已免疫H9N2油乳剂灭活苗且抗体合格率均大于70.00%的样品中分离到45株病毒（45/195）,其中6批次抗体合格率达到100%的样品中也分离到了病毒（8/90）,但带毒率明显比未经疫苗免疫的样品（79/255）低。调查结果表明养殖户对肉鸡群H9N2油乳剂灭活苗免疫重视程度不够,鸡群中带毒现象较普遍。疫苗免疫后能产生较高的免疫抗体,且抗体能减轻临床症状,降低带毒率,但不能完全阻止病毒复制,存在高抗体下带毒现象。